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American football is known in the United States and Canada as football is a sport played by two teams each consisting of 11 players. Using a ball game called football (football), oval-shaped and brown. The two ends of the field is called field endzone which is the opponent's goal area. The team that attacked the chance to get 1 set consisting of 4 times to bring the ball down as far as 10 yards into the endzone opposite field. The ball was taken by hand as they ran or thrown to teammates, until the advancing teams managed to stop attacking the team survive. Score printed by way of carrying or putting the ball outside the goal line on the opposite side of the endzone, or kicking the ball past the opponent's goal. Top scorer team after the completion of the fourth round of the game was declared the winner. The game can be ended in a draw if no winner after extra time held. Carefully calculated play time the seconds, and regulations are strictly supervised play because it involves physical collisions between players.

History

Football as it is commonly known people and American football are both derived from various types of foot ball sports (football) being played in Britain in the mid-19th century. American football is a variation of rugby for more carry the ball by hand and only once in a while just kicked.

In the early years of the 20th century, professional teams began popping up in mill towns located in the area of ​​Pennsylvania and the American Midwest. After that, the National League of American Football (NFL) was founded in the city of Canton, Ohio in 1920. Professional American football league continues to survive as second most popular sport in the U.S. until after World War II. Television footage managed to attract public attention to professional American football league. In the 1960s, game finally beat the popularity of the professional league baseball and American football college level. The first Super Bowl game between the champions of the NFL and AFL champions took place in 1967, and ending on the second joining the league in 1970.

Regulation


American football is played on a rectangular field, with a length of 120 yards (110 meters) wide and 53 1 / 3 yards (49 meters). Outermost lines along the field is called the sideline (line side), while the outermost line at both ends of the field called the end line (finish line). On both the left and right field are the goal line (goal line). The distance between the two sides of the goal line is 100 yards. Fields scored a place called the end zone (end zone) and 10 yards in length calculated from the goal line until the finish line.

Along the field lines cross is made every 5 yards, called the yard (yard line). Every 10 yards, the distance marked yard line that starts from both sides of the goal line and ended up in the middle of the field (goal line), -10, -20, -30, -40, 50, 40 -, 30 -, 20 -, 10 - (the goal line). The lines that run across the football field similar to the lines on the rugby league field. Short lines at the edge of the field is called hash marks (a hash) that mark each length of yards from the field. Each initial movement of the ball starting with a hash mark the ball's position at or between two hash marks.

At the end of each end zone (end zone) there goalposts (called the goal posts or uprights). American football goalpost shaped like a tuning fork with a pillar height of 10 feet (3 meters). Goals must be signed between the two goalposts. Both goal posts separated by a distance of 18 feet 6 inches (5.6 meters) and mounted on an iron cross (cross bar) to form the mouth of the goal as the letter "U". In inter-school match, the distance between two goal posts are 24 feet (7.3 meters) so that the ball more easily entered. High goalposts until the very end to reach 30 feet (9 meters) from the top surface of the field. On the field for the game of professional, college and high school, the goal stanchion placed outside the playing field. Pillar also made curved outwards the field to reduce the risk of injury from hitting the pole.

Each team took to the field with 11 players. The team could replace some or all of the players when the time is still possible, or the movement of the ball during the pause. Each team has 46 players in one game and wear can be exchanged at any time throughout the game. Almost all the players the chance to down play and no one is unemployed.

Old games

Standard game consists of 4 rounds (called quarters), while each round consists of 15 minutes. Called the halftime break is given after the 2nd round is completed. 12-minute one-act system used in inter-school match. Hours match ball is stopped if there is a movement which, according to game rules require that the match was stopped, the result when the game becomes much longer. NFL game often takes more than 3 hours since the game clock to be stopped when there is no ball movement.

If both teams still scored the series until the 4th round is over, the NFL extended the match with an additional round for 15 minutes (overtime). In the game system used sudden death overtime, first team to score declared the winner, even though the opposing team no chance to get the ball. Match declared a regular game series in the NFL when both teams failed to score in extra rounds.

In an NFL playoff round match, when both teams continued to score the series, the game continued with additional rounds until one team wins.

The movement of the ball

The team that has a ball called the attackers team. Tim attacker was given a set of initial opportunity that consists of 4 times to bring the ball down as far as 10 yards closer to the end zone field (field goal) the opponent. If a team attacker managed to bring the ball as far as 10 yards in a single set of opportunities early, attacking team is entitled to an additional opportunity set (called a first down), which also consists of 4 times down to bring the ball back as far as 10 yards or score. If a team attacker failed to get a first down after making 4 times down, then the ownership of the ball moves to the opposing team.

Except in the initial round of the 3rd or after the team managed to score a score, the movement of the ball always begins with the snap position. The team dealing with a team attacker attackers on an imaginary line starting position the ball (line of scrimmage). One player from the attacking team passes the ball called the center (the operand is called "snap") through the gap in between both legs to a colleague who was behind the (usually passed to the quarterback).

The player carrying the ball in 2 ways:

1. Running the ball, this technique called Rushing. Technique gives the ball into the hands of teammate called a handoff.

2. Throwing the ball to a teammate, known as the throw to the front (forward pass) or passing. Throw-forward is a distinguishing characteristic of American football with other football sports. For a one-time play, the team once the attacker may only throw the ball forward, and it must be done from behind an imaginary line starting position the ball (line of scrimmage). In addition to a one-time opportunity to throw the ball forward, the ball may only be passed sideways or thrown back (called a lateral pass). Unlike rugby, throw-back matches are rarely done professional American football.

The opportunity ends down and the ball declared dead when:

* The player who carried the ball dropped to the ground (ditekel) or successfully halted the advance motion opposing team member (as approved by the referee).

* Pitch into the future can not be arrested until the exit from the field, or fall into the field of play before they can be arrested. This event is called incomplete pass (incomplete pass). The ball is returned to its original place at the beginning of the line the ball (line of scrimmage) to start the next down.

* The ball and players to be outside the field.

* One team scored.

The referee or the referee blew the whistle a few people to declare dead ball and finished down a one-time opportunity.

Before down done, each team could negotiate to discuss strategy player movement (called a play) during the down progress. Down position is often also referred to as play.


Change of ownership of the ball


Tim attacker has the right to ball until there is an incident:

* The attacker failed to get a first down after being given the opportunity early in the form of 4 times to bring the ball down as far as 10 yards. The team last took over the ball at the spot where the ball dead on 4th down. Change of ownership of the ball is called a turnover on downs.

* The team striker scored by performing touch-down or kick a field goal. Once scored, the team attackers formation of the region's own special kick to the opponent who called the kickoff.

* The team attackers Punt kick into the opposite field. Punt kick made by dropping the ball from the handle and kicked him before the ball touched the ground game. Punt kick down almost always done on the 4th, when the team attacker does not want to risk the ball taken the opposing team, or team attacker is still too far from the end zone to get a chance to kick a field goal.

* Catch the throw to the opponent team by a team front attackers. This event is called interception (interception). Opposing players who managed to get the ball in this way may run with the ball as far as possible to succeed ditekel, forced out of the field, or print a score.

* The ball off the attacker or team accidentally dropped the ball (called a fumble) and the other team picked it up. Just as interception, an opponent who had picked up the ball may run as far as possible by bringing the ball up to succeed ditekel, forced out of the field, or print a score. Change of ownership of the ball because the ball falls or captured the opponent by way of interception is called turnover.

* The attackers failed to kick a field goal toward the opposing goal. The team survived to get the ball down at the point of the last payment (or according to NFL rules, at which point kick failed). When the kick failed to do from a distance of 20 yards from the end zone, the opposing team get the ball on line 20 yards in the region itself.

* The team attacker who carried the ball ditekel, forced out of the field, the ball was taken out of the field, or conduct violations in the end zone. The latter event is rare and is called safety.

Scores

Teams can score by:

* Touchdown (TD) with a value of 6 points. The incident occurred when a player carrying a touchdown run or catch the ball throws the ball in the opponent's end zone field.

o After the touchdown, teams try to score by adding scores converted (conversion). The ball is placed on line 3 yards of the opposing team (two-yard line in the NFL) and kicked into the air to pass through the bar across the opponent's goal and hovering between two goalposts as well as field goal to get 1 extra points. Besides the kick is worth 1 point, the attacker can choose the conversion team is worth 2 points (two-point conversion). In the two-point conversion, re striker tried to run the ball or pass the ball into the end zone field as do the touchdown.

* Field goal (field goal or FG) with a value of 3 points. The ball was kicked into the air to pass through the bar across the opponent's goal and hovering between two goalposts. Before the kick, the ball is placed vertically above the ground by fellow team, or is released from the handle and kicked (the second method, called the drop-kick almost never done because it only gives 2 times the goals in the period of 60 years). Business scores with a kick a field goal is usually done on 4th down when the ball is near the goal by an opponent, or simply left little time to score in other ways.

* Safety with a value of 2 points. This score is printed team survive if the team has the ball attacker who was forced to retreat to field its own end zone and fell ditekel, or any of the following happens: the ball apart from the handle in the field of his own end zone, the ball is kicked successfully blocked and crashed in the field own end zone, or in violation of its own end zone.

Kickoff and free kicks

The opening kick-called kickoff conducted at the beginning of the game, early 3rd round, or after the team scored a touchdown or field goal. Tim attacker kicked the ball from his own field in the line 30 yards (NFL) or 35-yard line for the college game. The team survived the ball, and tried to catch it, then bring it forward as far as possible toward the opposite field. The point where the players from the team managed to survive the team stopped the attacker used as a starting point for the team attacker to conduct a series of attacks (called drive) into the field of the opposing team. When players from the team managed to catch the ball the results endure kickoff in his own end zone, the player can choose to take the ball away, or do touchback by kneeling in the end zone himself. If there touchback, the team survived turned into a team attacker, and the point of attack starts from the line 20 yards. Events touchback also occurs when a ball kicked until he came out of the end zone. In addition, the kick Punt and turnover in the area of ​​the end zone can also end up with a touchback.

After the safety, the team that lost 2 points attacker must start the game with a free kick placekick (placed vertically and kicked the ball) or Punt (the ball is released from the handle and kicked before falling to the ground) from line 20 yards of his own.


Violation


Violations can be detrimental to the team who violated, or could result in injury so the team who violate imposed various penalties. When the team survive in violation, the punishment is usually in the form of early movement for the more advanced the ball near the end zone field teams survive. Conversely, if the attacker commits an offense team, early movements of the ball pushed back for getting away from the opponent's end zone field.

Most of the punishment in the form of repetition down. Some kinds of violations committed by the team survive automatically give you a first down (one set down a new one) to the team attacker. Conversely, violations committed by the team resulted in the loss of the chance the attacker down. When the punishment given to the team attacker was still able to carry the ball as far as 10 yards, the team still may get a first attacker down as usual.

If violation occurs, the referee threw the cloth (flag) yellow near the location of violations occur.

Violations are common:

* False start (false start): Players from the team moves to unauthorized attackers after row to make snap. If one start, play automatically considered dead.

* Offside: Players from the team attacker was in the wrong field when carried down. When movement player (play) has occurred, the penalty is deferred depends on the results of such play.

* Holding: The treatment is not valid as interesting or body snatched opponent that is not carrying the ball.

* Pass interference: Treatment unauthorized banging body into an opponent so as not to catch the throw the ball forward which is aimed towards the player.

* Delay: The act of delaying the movement of players (play) within a certain period after the previous play ended.

* Block the illegally from the rear: The player from the team attacker illegitimately pushed defender from behind.

* Face mask: Treatment grab or touch the iron mask worn to other players while trying to perform Dachshund.

Players

Most American soccer players have very specialized roles. An NFL player or college level players just need to play as a striker or defender alone.

Parties attacker

* Rows of attackers who called the offensive line (OL) consists of 5 players in charge of protecting the ball thrower, and pave the way for a fellow who ran the team while carrying the ball by blocking the team members survive. In addition to the player who served as the center, members of the row attackers usually do not charge carried off the ball.

* Players quarterback (QB) is a player receiving the pass snap when play (ball movement) begins. Players can choose to submit quarterback the ball to players running back (RB), threw it to another player, or alone carried off the ball.

* Rows of players running back (RB) line up behind or next to the player the quarterback with the specific task carried off the ball. In addition, RB players also served to block and catch the throw the ball, and sometimes handed the ball to fellow RB players. When a team has 2 players RB, a player acting as a halfback (HB), and a longer acting as a tailback (TB) is most likely to carry the ball while in charge of run-protected players who served as a fullback (FB).

* Player of wide receivers (WR) who was standing on the left-right line and catch the throw to the next task.

* Rows of players tight end (TE) that lined the outside row of the attacker, and can catch the throw to the front (like a player wide receiver) or protect quarterback players simultaneously open running room for players who carry the ball.

At the beginning of each movement of the ball (play), there must be at least 7 players standing on the imaginary line the ball initial position (line of scrimmage). Another player can stand anywhere behind the imaginary line. The number of players who served as a running back, wide receiver and tight end may vary depending on the decision of the team who do play. The team that just needs to advance the ball 1 yard probably will use the tight end 3 players, 2 players running back, and do not need a wide receiver because the player does not need to throw away the future. Conversely, teams that have carried the ball 20 yards as far as possible to replace all the players are running back and tight end player with wide receiver player only.


Parties survive

* Line of defense (defensive line) consisting of 3 to 6 players who lined up facing the opposite row attacker. Players from the defense tried to manage the players running back who carried the ball for the ball did not work carried further, or manage the players for quarterback can not throw or pass the ball.

* In most situations the game, the team commissioned to survive at least 3 players as a player last defender (called defensive back) or often called safeties (cornerback). His task hindering opposing players who receive the throw the ball, and tried to throw not been arrested or otherwise do not complete the throw made by the referee. Players defender survive often also tasked the player hit the quarterback.

* Players linebacker position between the defensive line (defense) and defender players survive, players hit the quarterback duties or obstruct an opponent who may be given a toss.

Special Units

Each team has a special unit which consists of players who are only asked to kick a ball. Players are grouped into a special unit whose job punter players kick Punt and placekicker player (kicker), which are meant to kick when the kick off, field goal, or a conversion kick after a touchdown.

Back number

NFL players back number is determined based on position in the team:

* 1-9: Players quarterback, kicker (kicker and punter)

* 10-19: Quarterbacks, kickers, kicker (kicker and punter), wide receivers and players

* 20-49: Players running back and a player last defender

* 50-59: Players player center and linebacker

* 60-79: Players line of defense and offensive line

* 80-89: Players receiver and tight end player

* 90-99: Players line of defense and linebacker player


Strategy

One hallmark of American football is the interruption of the game after the down ends, so each team could use a new strategy to play the soon to be played. Each team has a handbook containing dozens to hundreds of strategies that can be played.

American football teams spend a lot of time to prepare a strategy before it could come down to compete. Team members and coaches need time to days to develop strategies, including studying the match video footage. A long time to strategize plus hard physical labor during the game cause American football team usually can only play once a week.


Physical ability

American football is a physical contact sport. The defender must manage in a way that brings the player hit the ball to fall. The defender must make a physical impact in order to drop a player who is carrying the ball, in ways that allowed the rules. The defender who perform Dachshund prohibited kicking, punching, or tackle opposing players leg which was carrying the ball. Face shield is also a player on the helmet should not be taken or held. In addition, the Dachshund defender should not be done using a helmet. In addition to the ban for unnecessary roughness as mentioned above, all forms of physical conflict when doing Dachshund is legitimate. The defender who stormed into the striker has a great chance to stop the advance of the opposing team. In the game, the player the quarterback is a routine target defender who ran from the top of my voice beyond the reach of the player views the quarterback to drop it.

American football players wear a variety of protective equipment to avoid injuries, such as helmets, protective shoulder, hip protectors, and elbow protectors. Various protective equipment such as this has been known since decades ago, and now increasingly be relied upon to protect players from injury permanent. Players who consciously shielded with protective equipment are often more eager to play hard. Players can only desperately threw himself on top of another player or into a pile of other player's body without the risk of significant injury. Various unnecessary roughness resulted in the NFL issued a complicated series of penalties for various types of physical collisions that are not necessary.

Danger of injury and equipment necessary to avoid injury while playing American football makes this sport is not suitable to be played as a recreational sport. Similar game but without a physical impact such as touch football and flag football is often played by people as a recreational sport.

Popularity

American football is the most watched sport in the United States. Gallup poll shows American football as a favorite sport in the U.S. since 1972, beat the popularity of baseball. American football is the most watched event in U.S. television viewers, surpassing the number of television viewers to other sporting events. American football championship called the Super Bowl continuously ranked top in the number of viewers of all the events broadcast on American television.

National League of American Football (National Football League or NFL), which consists of 32 teams is the only professional American football league. On game day, called Super Bowl Sunday, football fans have a party with family and friends to eat together while watching the game. Most Americans think the day the Super Bowl as a "day for a party at home."

Antarperguruan match high-called college football is also popular in North America. Four stadiums used for American football college level (Michigan Stadium, Beaver Stadium, Neyland Stadium and Ohio Stadium), each of which can accommodate 100,000 spectators. In some areas, inter-school match also witnessed more than 10,000 spectators. Antarperguruan game high and inter-high school held in the autumn is an annual event that enlivened with cheerleaders, marching bands, homecoming party, and a tailgate party get-togethers in the parking lot to eat and drink.

Following tradition, inter-school matches take place on Friday, high antarperguruan match held on Saturday, while the professional game on Sunday, with additional professional game on Monday night (Monday Night Football). After a regular season game high antarperguruan completed, the NFL began a few matches on Saturday. The match carried on holiday special in the fall and winter, especially at Thanksgiving and New Year's Day.

Outside the United States and Canada, this sport is called American football or gridiron football because the lines on the field resembles the gridiron (the lattice of iron to bake.)

In Europe, the NFL has a European league (NFL Europe) are still in development stage. NFL Europe has a team in 5 cities in Germany and 1 team in the Netherlands. NFL Europe League using the regulation issued by the National League play American football, soccer while Canada has its own regulations issued by the Canadian league.

Softball is a sport ball team consisting of two teams. Softball game was born in the United States, invented by George Hancock in Chicago in 1887. Softball is a development of similar sport that is baseball or hardball. Softball ball this time from 28 to 30.5 centimeters in diameter; ball is a ball thrown by a pitcher (pitcher) and subjected to an opposing player, that is bat the ball with the bat (bat). There is a team that just (defensive) and the team that beat (offensive). Each team competed to collect the number (run) by circling the three series of markers (base) runners to touch the home plate end markers.

There are three types of softball games:

* Fast pitch softball is a game determined by a ball thrower. Pitcher throws the ball with maximum velocity, similar to baseball. There are differences in style pitcher throwing the ball and how to release the ball. The release of the ball lies below or equal than glove position.

* Modified pitch softball or commonly known by the name modball. Its main purpose is to soften the rules used in the category of fast-pitch so that players who have not traditionally do not be surprised by the regulations are "tight" like a strike zone in softball, the distance between the markers, the length of the game and others. Speed ​​pitcher throws the ball in modball is between fast and slow pitch. The speed is limited by the round ball over the shoulder sleeve.

* Slow pitch softball makes it easy for bats to hit the ball. Bat the ball given the ball by the pitcher kept the ball until I hit the ball. Pitcher throws the ball slowly bounced. The game is often played in the social community as a competition, without being limited age and gender.

Softball Field


Softball field square. Divided into regional fair (fair territory) and the foul (foul territory). Further, in the fair is divided into two parts, the inside (infield), and the outside (outfield).

In the area there are 4 markers in the (base). Each marker is numbered counterclockwise to clockwise, starting from the early markers, called home plate, followed by the first markers, markers second and third markers. Markers square with sides 38 cm (15 inches) made slightly higher than ground level. The angle of the four markers form a square, called diamonds (diamonds).

Behind home plate is called a backstop there are limitations as far as 7.62 and 9.14 feet behind home plate.

Equipment

Minimal equipment needed in a softball game including a ball. Softball using a yellow ball with red grip thread, previously white with a white grip. Gloves (gloves) worn by all players stand to catch the ball, while the first baseman and catcher to wear mitts (gloves have the fingers, while not mitts). Bat (bat) used in the official match is a special bat that is destined for softball. Terms of bat usage and characteristics that may be used contained in the International Softball Federation rules. Ball bat helmet used to protect the head of a bat the ball from the brunt of the ball and injuries, while the protective clothing (protective gear) for a catcher, and pool shoes (cleats). The latter is a uniform or a uniform. Each player uses shirt, pants, and hats that uniform or the same basic color. The higher the level of the game, the more stringent the regulation uniform. All tools and equipment that is mandatory for every team in carrying out official match.

Referee match


In a softball game there is at least one person up to seven judges or the referee (umpire). There is one plate umpire and three markers that keep the match referee. The rest of the referee to monitor the area outside. In fast-pitch games are judged by four referees (one plate umpire, referee three markers).

The term for a referee is "blue", because their uniforms are always blue. The position of a referee is standing behind the catcher the ball and bat the ball. Serves to see the direction of the ball thrown to the catcher throwing the ball strike the ball whether it is or ball. The referee also supervise the game carefully to determine the events that actually happened and keep the players abide by the rules. As the leader of the game is the Umpire plate. Because of its nature as a leader of the game, power plate umpire in a game of softball is absolute, although to protest (appealed) decision can not be contested if the protest is done the player or coach or team manager regarding ajustment, but the protest can be done and can be accepted if the protests take place against any application of rules. So there are games that can proceed with the protest (the game under protest, more can be read at the Softball Game Rules issued by the ISF). a referee can issue anyone a good player or even a coach out of the field, if according to disrupt the match referee.

Game

Softball is played by two teams in the softball field. Each team has 9 players minimum and the rest is reserve. The game consists of 9 rounds called the inning. In the one inning, the team who compete each having a chance hit (batting) to print numbers (run). When the attacking team gets a turn hitting, throwing the ball a team to survive the ball toward the catcher threw the ball top of my voice for the ball can not hit a turn dipukul.Tim that alternately one by one to hit the ball. The team is just trying to kill members of the team that had a turn to hit. The team that had a turn hitting a chance die 3 times (out) before hitting the turn replaced the team prevailed.

Score or runs resulting from a step on all the runners run in sequence markers and stepped on home plate again. Every runner who managed to surround and step on home plate to get a single digit. When the game is determined by the inning. Each team gets beat up to 3 times turn out and turn off the other team 3 times out, called an inning. In each game softball game at least 7 innings duration depending on the situation, or a long time 2 hours. After spending the inning, scored the team (run) ever be a winner.

If the inning specified time is up and both teams in the state of the series, played extra innings until one team emerged as the winner. The condition is called a tie break or series. At the beginning of the game, the team who hosted the (home team) had a turn throwing while the visitors (visitors) get their turn to hit.


Ball thrower

The game begins when the referee started the game and chanted the words "Play Ball". After entering the area jaganya defender each, the battle between pitcher ball in the team survive and bat the ball on a team that had a turn hitting can begin. A ball pitcher stands on the plate and facing toward the catcher. Ball thrower will attempt to throw the ball hard into catcher mitts ball. The position of throwing the ball have a special area called the strike zone (strike zone), where the final pitch over home plate and there are no more than chest high and no less than knee ball bat. If the ball in the strike zone was not hit by a ball bat, the umpire will yell "strike". And when the ball out of the strike zone, but do not try to bat the ball hit the ball then the referee will yell "ball". Strike zone is the zone where the ball in the area of ​​the bat at the ball. When throwing, the ball thrower will attempt to make the ball strike with a vengeance for a ball bat trouble hitting the ball in the zone even though the ball was pukulnya. So the challenge of a pitcher is throwing the ball at high speed and with the right target.

Catcher

In one team has at least one person catching the ball. Catcher is equipped with safety equipment and charge capture thrower throws the ball. Catcher uses a helmet (catcher mask) to protect the head and face, body armor to protect the body and leg protectors to protect the knees down. The position of catcher is squatting behind the ball bat. A ball pitcher and catcher must have good communication with cues to work the ball off a bat. A catcher is a regulator sometimes a good strategy, because the catcher in the game can see the whole situation that occurred in front of him.

Guard

In addition to throwing the ball and catching the ball, the team has 7 people stand guard (Fielder), which is divided into 4 guards in the area (infielder) and 3 guards outside the region (outfielder). The inside of the guard marker one (first), the keeper of the two markers (second), guard between two and three markers (shortstop), and guard the three markers (third). While the outer guard located on the left (left guard), middle (middle guard), and right (penajga right). All the guards (including ball thrower and catcher) 3 people trying to shut down the opposing team for their turn to hit. Because the run could only be obtained in a position to attack.

Ball bat

Each ball has the opportunity to bat 3 times and 4 times the ball strike. 3 times a strike will make a bat the ball dead "Strike Out." And when it is 4 times the ball then bat the ball is allowed free roads toward a single marker (free walk). If the batter successfully hit the ball, paddle ball would run his best before the ball reaches one punch markers returned or were captured by a guard marker. If the paddle ball markers made it to one before the markings were a guard to catch the ball then bat the ball "safe" '. However, if the markings were a guard quicker to catch the ball, the bat the ball "out".

There are different types of hitting. Hit, bunt, hit and run, Steal and others. Depending on the situation at that time. Various types of hits is used as a strategy that will be the team attacker.

Softball History

Softball game exactly born in the United States, which was created in building sports Farragut Boat Club in Chicago, Illinois 16 September 1887 by accident by George Hancock.

Initially there were several alumni of Yale University and Harvard are listening to the final American football game between Yale and Harvard at the Farragut Boat Club. After the final score was announced the victory at Yale, a Yale alumnus enthusiastically threw a boxing glove to support Harvard. A by reflex to take a stick and hit it towards the boxing glove. Seeing it gives an idea of ​​a reporter for the Chicago Board of Trade, George Hancock. He suggested creating a game in the room with a ball made of a boxing glove that was thrown earlier. He took a boxing glove and tied it tightly using a rope, that resembles a ball. Then with a few pieces chalk, Hancock marked the floor of the Farragut Boat resembles a baseball field.

As the paddle is used a broom. The team split into two and Hancock shouted the words "Play ball", then began the game with the final score 44-40. Since that game indoor version of baseball known. Called indoor baseball. Because the form of an arbitrary ball. Name softball before adjusting the material used to make the ball, be the names used at that time the kitten ball, army ball, ball mus, as well as indoor-outdoor, recreation ball, and playground ball.

At the beginning of the 20th century began playing softball as performed outdoors indoors. In 1908 an amateur organization for this new game (National Amateur Playground Ball Association of the United States) govern this sport to be played outdoors using a larger ball. National Recreation Congress in 1923 (the National Recreation Congress) asked the commission to standardize the sport, and in 1926 the name "softball" is used even though not yet formalized.

In 1933, the first world championship held in the auspices of the American Amateur Softball Association (Amateur Softball Association of America) which has been used as a basic rule in America. Champion for men's softball class at the time was J. L. Gills of Chicago, and champion of Great Northerns class woman from the same town. Although the championship is contested is the amateur, they are usually sponsored by industry organizations in its territory.

Since the year 1933 "softball" has become an official name. And in 1934, the establishment of joint regulation to further provide standardization of softball rules. There have been many legislative changes since then, particularly in 1946, where there is a change in the number of players in a team of 10 to 9 people. Players to ten called "shortfielder" when it served as a guard outside the shallow area behind the menjelalajah. In 1950 the distance between the pitcher's plate and home plate added to the son of 43 feet to 46 feet (13,114 meters).

In terms of participants, softball has grown into a major sports team and the mainstream. Smaller field available. Both women and men, can play it. Further beyond the age of male athletes to play as an activity outside the official game as a picnic or in a social community without going through heating and regular exercise are needed, like in baseball.

In the 1960s, some teams than 125,000 have been registered in the Amateur Softball Association of America. And held six national championships each year. This does not include members of both men and women who competed in the unofficial competition. On the other State softball also become a popular sport both men and women young and old.

In 1949, the Canadian team, Toronto's Tip Top Tailors, won the international championship, which is conducted periodically by the Amateur Softball Association and is the first competition that is truly a world championship level for the son. Held in 1966 under the sponsorship of the International Softball Federation (International Softball Federation). Australia won the first championship for women in 1965.

International Softball Federation

Body is what ultimately makes the rules concerning the sport of softball game systems throughout the world, including Indonesia at this time. Original manuscript written in English, and translated by its member countries.

The establishment of the International Softball Federation, then allow the holding of matches between countries that are international. Then the championships held nationally, regionally and globally.

International Softball Championship today is the most prestigious World Softball Championships (World Cup of Softball) held by the Amateur Softball Association under the auspices of the International Softball Federation. ISF member countries who entered the qualifying round each year sent kontingennya to compete. After qualify, sejumalah 6 countries will compete with one another (5 matches). And the two best teams will compete to compete for the position of one-game winner-winner-take-all championship.

Previous Winners:

* 2005 - Japan 3 United States 1
* 2006 - United States 5 Japan 2
* 2007 - United States 3 Japan 0

Baseball is a sport played by two teams. Pitcher (pitcher) from the team that threw the ball trying to throw a called ball baseball, while players (batters) of a hit team tried to hit the ball with the bat (bat). The team that throws trying to catch a ball that was hit by a hit team to beat the team that turned into a throwing team. The team that beat got numbers by running the opposite direction to counterclockwise to return to home plate after touching markers on the surface of the baseball field is called the base. Baseball is also referred to as hardball to distinguish it from softball.

Square ball field (baseball diamond) with a base located at three corners. The distance between the base of one with another base that is 27.432 meters (90 feet). Bat (bat) long cylinder-shaped and smooth made from wood (the requirements of professional baseball bat) or metallic materials. Regulation of the game developed in the United States of games that use the bat and the ball being played in England.

Baseball is a team sport made popular in North America, Latin America, Caribbean, and East Asia. In many countries, baseball is a major sport. In the United States, baseball is the national spare time filler (national pastime), the United States because most people spend a lot of time to play and watch a baseball game. The number of spectators who came to the stadium to watch the American Baseball League sports spectators outnumber the other types, but defeated the American Football in the number of spectators who watched the match on television.

How to play

Basic game

Baseball is played by two teams on the baseball field. Each team has 9 players. The referees supervise the game carefully to determine the events that actually happened and keep the players abide by the rules. In a baseball game in American League Baseball umpire, there are 4 people, although sometimes there are 6 people referee.

On the baseball field there are 4 markers called bases. Bases are numbered counter clockwise, starting from the initial base, called home plate, followed by first base, second base and third base. Square base with sides of 38 cm (15 inches) made slightly higher than ground level. The angle of the four bases form a square called a diamond. Each side of the baseball field length of 27.4 meters.

Baseball field consists of 2 areas, regions in the (infield) and the outer area (outfield). All the bases are in areas infield, outfield while the area is a grassy area outside the circle infield area. On the side of first base and third base lines are called the foul line that stretches down to the outfield. The area called the foul line in foul territory.

The game consists of 9 rounds called the inning. In the one inning, the team who compete each having a chance hit (batting) to print numbers (run). When the attacking team gets a turn hitting, the team that survive threw the ball with as tight as possible so the ball can not be beaten. The team that was a turn hitting the send players one by one to hit the ball. The team that throws trying to kill members of the team that had a turn to hit. The team that had a turn hitting a chance die 3 times (out) before hitting the turn replaced the team prevailed. Once finished ninth inning, the team scored (run) ever be a winner. If after 9 innings and both teams in the state of the series, played extra innings until one team emerged as the winner. At the beginning of the game, the team who hosted the (home team) had a turn throwing while the visitors (visitors) get their turn to hit.

The most important part of the baseball game is a battle between pitchers (pitchers) against the batter (batter). Pitcher throws the ball with as carefully and as good as possible in order to get into field goal over home plate. The ball must be thrown as close as possible to bat for can be beaten, but at the same time the ball must be thrown in as tight as possible and as hard as possible so that can not be beaten. If pitchers do not throw the ball outside the target area over home plate and the bat did not react, the referee will yell "ball!" If the pitcher continues to throw the ball outside the target area over home plate 4 times, the referee yelling "Ball four!" and the bat may freely walk ("walk") to first base.

Bat should be standing on the side of home plate and tried to hit the ball with the bat (bat). Swinging a bat should pemukulnya carefully in order to hit the ball. If the bat can hit the ball, there is the possibility of his team members could obtain the number (run). If a batter swinging a bat (swing) but failed to hit the ball, the referee will yell "strike!" So also when the bat did not react (not swinging a bat), but the ball was thrown right in the target area, the referee will also yell "strike!"

Catcher (catcher) is the name for team members to survive who crouched behind the batter (batter) with the task of catching the ball is thrown by the pitcher but is not hit by the batter. Catcher also gives instructions and strategy of throwing the ball to the thrower.

Catcher and pitcher to communicate with sign language and secret signs. If the thrower does not agree with what the catcher, pitcher will shake their heads. Conversely, pitchers would nod my head if approved cues provided catcher.

In each inning, a team that throws (Fielding team) trying to kill 3 members of the team that beat (Defending team). Beater of the dead must get out of the field and wait until his turn to hit came.

There are many ways to turn off the beater (batters) and runners (runner). The most common way is to catch the ball that had struck when he was flying in the air and not fall on the surface of the field, touching the body of the runner with the ball (tag out), block the runners who are on the base so as not to run so that the base can be filled with runners another (force out), and threw the ball strike that can not be beaten (strike out). If the team managed to throw a deadly three-member team that beat, half-innings (half round) declared finished and the team that threw the team that beat.

The team scored a hit attempt (run). To be able to print the numbers, the bat should be able to hit the ball and become a base runner (run to), stepping on or touching all the bases in order to return to home plate. Striker tries to keep his team to return to home plate in order to print the numbers. At the same time, the bat itself also want to be a base runner. Bat trying to hit the ball between the foul lines for a team that just can not catch the ball and the ball fell to the ground surface. At the same time, pitchers (pitchers) are trying to throw the ball that hard hit.

Figures (run) scored by a successful home base runner touches home plate after passing all the bases in sequence. Home run occurs when a batter successfully hit the ball out of the outfield fence. If there is a home run, paddle and all runners are on base to touch all the bases and scored points for the team.

The team is on guard

The team who guard (Fielding team) trying to beat a team that can not print the number (run). The team that just sent the pair consisting of a pitcher (pitcher) that stood on the mound (mound) and catcher (catcher), who crouched behind home plate. The couple called the pitcher and catcher battery. Remaining members of the team that just may be anywhere within the field. In general, 4 players, called player infielder in the infield area edge. 3 people while the player who called the players are in the outfield outfielder.

Pitcher (pitcher) threw the ball toward home plate. Pitcher trying to throw as carefully as possible so that the batter (batter) could not hit a ball and die. Thrower also tried to bat can hit and run, but the ball is hit labored for so easily captured by the pitcher due to tag out the runner dead and force out. Catcher (catcher) must catch the ball is not hit by the batter. Pitcher and catcher work with coaches to determine team strategy. Catcher gives instructions to his team members about the position in the field that must be maintained. In addition, the catcher also give clues to the pitcher about the strategies that must be taken to deal with their respective clubs. Catcher also stationed near home plate and tried to catch a ball thrown his team members for runners who tried to return to home plate can be turned off.

Players infielder consists of a first baseman, second baseman, shortstop, and third baseman. The player who served as a first baseman and third baseman was standing near first base and third base. The player who served as a second baseman and shortstop stood on both sides of second base. In the old days, when players consisting of 4 people outfielder and infielder players consist of 3 persons, the player who served as a second baseman near second base.

The task is to turn off the player first baseman runners who tried to get into first base (force play). In the engineering force play, the player managed to catch the ball infielder who was hit and fell to touch the ground and immediately threw it into the player a first baseman, so the player who fled after hitting the ball out and tried to enter the first base is considered dead. Before the players who run to reach first base, first baseman player must touch the player with the ball before he could turn it off (not necessarily in a professional league).

Players are also trying to catch a first baseman who hit the ball toward first base even though the ball rarely fell near first base. The player who served as a first baseman is usually a bat (batters) owned the best team. The task is to keep the player second baseman second base right area and is the first player helper baseman. Task shortstop player is keeping the area around second base and third base is often a target ball ground ball that was hit by a right-handed batters. Another task is to keep the shortstop player second base, third base and left the field. Players shortstop is usually not a good batter is very heavy because of his duty to keep the various places in the field. Players third baseman should have a strong arm that can capture at once threw back the ball deftly. Striker (batter), often hitting the ball with the goal of third base, so the players third baseman must throw the ball as quickly as possible to the players first baseman to turn off batter who is trying to run to first base. Players must have a third baseman a fast reaction to the ball because the ball is hit to third base is usually hit with a vengeance.

Players outfielder on guard in the outfield made up of Fielder left (located in the outfield to the left), center Fielder (located in the middle of the outfield) and right Fielder (located outfield upper right). Outfield area is the center of a vast area so players Fielder center should be able to run fast and throw the ball hard. In general, players do not have a center Fielder reliable batter. Another task Fielder center players are instructed where to be maintained to the players left and right Fielder Fielder to third outfielder players do not fight each other the ball toward the outfield.

Position players and players infielder outfielder predetermined by the team, but position players can keep changing depending on the course of the game.

Ball thrower

Pitcher (pitcher) who can throw well is a most valuable asset for the baseball team. The opposing team can score by number with ease if the pitcher throws the ball very easily beaten. Pitcher is very heavy task because in one game a pitcher can throw the ball up over 100 times. Most of the pitchers have run out of steam before the game ends so the need is replaced by a substitute pitcher. Baseball teams need more than one pitcher in one game. Pitcher who first appeared at the beginning of the game is called a starting pitcher, while others called the bullpen pitchers. Place pitcher prepare before appearing while practicing throwing called bullpen.

A baseball team may have a pitcher as much as possible. In one game, the team could decide to replace the pitcher at any time when needed, among others, as a strategy to deal with tough batter from the opponent. In general, pitchers have some variations in the technique of throwing the ball, which is owned by the individual skills of each player. Pitcher must throw the ball different ways so as not to be beaten by the batter. Ball speed and distance of the ball by batters also need to be changed so that the possibility of batters to hit the ball smaller.

Markers of rubber called a rubber pitcher who was on the mound (mound) should be trampled by the feet by the pitcher threw the ball at the moment. These regulations are intended for foot pitchers are not too advanced a step closer to batters. In addition, the pitcher must tread rubber makes pitchers throw the ball more slowly. Reliable pitcher of the American Baseball League to throw a ball that flies at speeds over 90 miles per hour (145 km per hour). Pitcher often suffered injury because the human body generally do not withstand the harsh movements done throwing the ball like a pitcher. Injuries are often experienced pitcher is also the reason baseball team trying to have a pitcher as much as possible.

The team that beat

The team that had a turn trying to score a hit. Each team must announce a list of players and hit the turn sequence, called the list lineup. Sign lineup should not be altered or changed during the course of the game, but players who enrolled in the lineup could be withdrawn and replaced with a new player that is not in the list lineup. New players only act as a replacement bat (pinch hitter) for the replacement players who hit the turn, while the order remained unchanged.

After nine players finished a turn hitting, hitting turn back to the player who was first on the list lineup. Runner (runner) who managed to return to home plate and scored points for his team must leave the field until the player gets a turn to hit again.

Origins Volleyball

At the beginning of its discovery, sports volleyball game is named Mintonette. Sports Mintonette was first discovered by a physical education instructor (director of Phsycal Education) named William G. Morgan at the YMCA on February 9, 1895, in Holyoke, Massachusetts (United States).

William G. Morgan was born in Lockport, New York in 1870, and died in 1942. YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association) is an organization dedicated to teach the basic teachings of Christianity to the youth, as has been taught by Jesus. This organization was established on June 6, 1884 in London, England by George Williams.


After meeting with James Naismith (basketball sports a creator who was born on November 6, 1861, and died on November 28, 1939), Morgan created a new sport called Mintonette. As with James Naismith, William G. Morgan also dedicated his life as a physical education instructor. William G. Morgan is also a graduate of Springfield College of the YMCA, to create this Mintonette game four years after the creation of sports games basketball by James Naismith. Sports Mintonette game is actually a game that was created by combining several types of games. Exactly, the game was created by adopting Mintonette four different characters into one game sports, namely basketball, baseball, tennis, and the last is handball (handball). At first, this game was created specifically for YMCA members who are not young anymore, so this game-were made not as active as a basketball game.


Change name Mintonette into volleyball (volleyball) occurred in the year 1896, on his first match demonstration at the International YMCA Training School. In early 1896, Dr. Luther Halsey Gulick (Director of the Professional Training School of Physical Education as well as Executive Director of the Department of Physical Education of the International Committee of the YMCA) invited and asked Morgan to demonstrate a new game she had created in the new campus stadium. At a conference held at the campus YMCA, Springfield was also attended by the entire physical education instructor. On the occasion, Morgan brings the two teams in each of the five-member team. Both teams are headed by a Major and Chief of Holyoke fire brigades.


On that occasion, Morgan also explained that the game is a game that can be played inside or outside the room with very liberal. And according to his explanation at that time, this game can also be played by many players. There is no limit to the number of players became standard in the game. While the goal of the game is maintained to keep moving the ball high over the net, from one area to another (the opponent).

Demonstration game hosted by both teams, as well as explanations that have been submitted by the Morgan-have also brought a change in Mintonette. The first change that happened in the game came on his name. At the suggestion of Professor Alfred T. Halstead is also watching and paying attention to demonstration and explanation of Morgan, the name was changed to Mintonette-Volleyball (volleyball). Selection of Volleyball as a substitute name-even Mintonette not done without consideration. Volleyball The name was chosen based on the major movements contained in that game, the movement hit the ball before the ball fell to the ground (volleyball). At first, the name was spelled-Volleyball separately (two words), namely "Volley Ball." Then in 1952, the Administrative Committee USVBA (United States Volleyball Association) chose to spell the name in one word, namely "Volleyball". USVBA volleyball is a sport of unity contained in the United States. This association was first established in 1928, and currently USVBA better known by the name of USAV (USA Voleyball). After the demonstration, the YMCA committee promised to learn the rules of the game that has been written and submitted by Morgan.


Some of the first rules were written by Morgan is the use of a net 6 feet 6 inches tall (this size is adjusted with an average height of Americans who in the 19th century turns out to be shorter), field size 7.6 x 15.2 m2, and played by some players. In the old rules, the game is divided into nine innings. In each round, each team the opportunity to perform the services (hitting the ball early in the game / hit the ball first). In addition, the regulations were first made there was no limit contact between the player with the ball, before the ball can be hit and move to an area opponent. If players make mistakes while performing service, he was still allowed to perform the second service. While beating the ball toward the net would be considered a violation and result in lost scores, except during the first servicing. Because after the first service, there is still a chance to do a second service. Finally, they modify and publish the regulation in July 1896.



Development Volleyball


One of the most vital equipment in volleyball game is the ball. However, when making that first ball, to play volleyball still be a debate. There are several sources that stated that the official volleyball or standards were first made in 1896 by Spalding. Meanwhile, some other sources state that the standard of volleyball was first made in 1900.


Over time, volley-ball game continues to experience the changes, both in terms of game rules, game techniques, and skill of the players. Calculation of scores changed in about 1917. Limitation score in the first 21 points, then it has been converted into 15 points. The changes also occurred in 1920, namely in terms of game rules. In 1920 it had introduced the rule "three punches" and has also established limits on the back row attack.

The development of volleyball game that continues to progress, it has been more and more captured the interest of sports lovers in the world. Having successfully introduced the volleyball game to the whole society the United States, volley-ball games are increasingly spread its wings to countries outside the U.S.. In 1900, Canada has become the first foreign country to adopt the volleyball game. The spread of this volleyball game even continues to the state-another country. Brazil, Russia, China, Asia, and Europe is the containers in which the volleyball game became a very popular sport.

Regulations

Field

Sports volleyball game played on a rectangular field. Along with continued development of volleyball game, then the international size standards and means of support in any field volleyball-determined. The standard length of a volleyball court is 18 meters, while the size of the width is 9 meters. Panjangan field is then divided in two and separated by a net mounted on two poles. Net is installed at a height of 2:43 or 2:24 meters meters. At each end of the pole will typically installed an antenna. This antenna will be limiting sideways movement of the ball or wide. Net which has a width of one meter wide in the middle of the field installed. Size of 2:43 meters commonly used in men's volleyball match, while in grade daughter usually use the net with 2:24 meters altitude. However, in the junior class competitions as well as veterans are usually high net varies. For the class competition, the high net can usually be adjusted again.


In volleyball field line technical term is "3 feet" from the net. The line serves as a boundary attack (attack line). 3-meter line is then split the field into two parts, namely the back row (back row), and front row (front row). Then, in each part of it (back row and front row) is still divided into 6 zones or 6 points. In the sixth area or point that is what is the position of volleyball players. Area "1" is a position player who will do the next service. strategi.jpgSetiap turn of the turn for service, the players must spin clockwise direction to turn to do the service. By doing laps with a clockwise direction, then the player in first position will be replaced by players who previously occupied the second position. While the players who originally occupied the position 1 will be shifted into position 6, and so on.



In volleyball court rules there is a term free zones (free zones). This free zone is an area that surrounds the area of ​​the team. The players can enter and play in the free zone that has at least 3 meters wide with a free, after one of his players do the service. Team area boundaries are indicated by using lines drawn on the ground. While the area of ​​the attack was in the area. The lines of the area teams will also determine whether the ball that falls will be declared "in" or "out". If the ball is still touching the line falls area team, the ball is declared "go", and the opposing team will gain value. However, if the ball falls outside the team area without touching the team area, the ball is declared "out".


Ball

As the name implies, "Volleyball", then the ball is one of the most vital equipment in this game. Standard ball used in volleyball games are usually made of leather. In addition to using genuine leather, making the ball usually also use artificial leather. The ball is then filled with air (pumped). The requirements of this standard balls in accordance with regulations issued by the FIVB (Federation Internationale de Volleyball), the International Volleyball Federation which deal with matters relating to the sport volleyball game. In addition to establishing rules of the game volleyball, FIVB also regulate volleyball matches an international scale. FIVB headquarters in Lausanne, Switzerland, and was founded in 1947 in Paris, France. The following is issued by the FIVB regulations regarding the use of standard ball in a volleyball game:

* The ball has a circumference of a circle 65 to 67 cm, weighing 260 to 280 grams.

* The pressure inside of the ball should be around 0:30 to 0325 kg/cm2 (4.26-4.61 psi, 294.3-318.82 mbar or hPa).

* The ball has a circumference of a circle 65 to 67 cm, weighing 260 to 280 grams.

* The pressure inside of the ball should be around 0:30 to 0325 kg/cm2 (4.26-4.61 psi, 294.3-318.82 mbar or hPa).



Playing Technics

In volleyball game there are two teams facing each other. The number of players who are on each team is 6 people. In addition, in one team usually also carry 3 to 6 people reserve players. Usually, the game begins with a coin toss system, namely the referee tossed a coin two sides to the air,

then catch it again in a state closed by hand. Both team representatives will be asked to guess the picture side of the coin is visible. For those who answer correctly, then timnyalah entitled to be a server (which is to serve out the first time).


To do service, a player from the server team who are in position 1 outside line getting into the back edge of the field. The player throws the ball into the air, then bounced and hit him until the opponent falls in the area (across the net), and should not be out of the field lines that have been determined opponent. If the exit line then the ball will be declared out or "out", and the opponent will get one point. Once the ball got to the area of ​​the opponent, then the opponent will receive or hold the ball in a manner "bump" or "pass" (passing). "Bump" or "pass" is to hold the ball with both arms held together at the front (passing). In circumstances forced, receiving the ball can be done using any limbs.


In an effort to return the ball, each team must try the most to do a combination of three punches. That is, the first recipient of the ball must do our best to direct the ball to the setter. Setter is a player who served to give the bait a good ball to the attacker or spiker (striker). Setter will lift the ball by using the strength of his fingertips, who also plays her wrist. In this case, the setter should be able to make a motion that he feed the ball to the attacker moving with focused and calm, not spinning. -Setter must first read the motion prefix (square off) that have been taken by the attacker. So the setter can give feed the ball in the right direction, and with the appropriate height. After the ball bounced, the attacker will immediately jump up and attack a smash hit or a spike in the direction opposite area. Spike is a jump with one hand raised above his head, then hit the ball that was bounced in the air over the net towards the opponent's area, so the ball will fall in the area of ​​the opponent with a hard and fast. In addition to energy needed technical excellence and good, the sharpness of the attacker the ability to read situations in the field as if going to spike is also very necessary. Because then, the attacker will be able to direct the ball into the opponent's area that looked weak or empty. Attack of the spiker is what counted as the third blow. Although not performed on the third blow to spike, but the ball should still have crossed into the opposite area. If the ball has not crossed into the opposite area after the third blow, it will be regarded as a violation. So the ball will move to the opposing team, and any other team-will get extra points. The team that carried out the attack is called the team "offense", or team attacker.

Opponents of the team "offense" is the team "defense", ie the team that conduct defense by preventing the ball so as not to enter or fall in the area. Defense used by the defense team called a block (block). Block performed by players who are first or near the net. When the attacker from doing spike team offense, team defense jump forward with both hands raised upward, toward the end of the net. With both hands that prevent or hinder the defense team (block) the ball is in the spike so as not to enter or fall in the area. In performing this block, players must also be able to read Where the ball will be directed, so the ball will not pass block with ease. However, sometimes the ball was still able to pass block. It is caused by several factors, such as ball position higher than the block, which dispike spinning ball, or because of his weak block. In the circumstances the ball managed to penetrate the block, then the defense team will usually try to remain able to control the ball in order not to fall or get into the area. If the ball that managed to penetrate the block can still be saved with ease, then the other players will welcome the ball with a pass or bump. However, if the ball moves with unstable or somewhat difficult to achieve, then usually the player will do the dig to save the ball. Dig in fact almost identical to pass, that hold and pass the ball to the setter. However, it is usually done using one arm. Dig usually carried out in urgent situations, namely when the ball hard to reach or difficult to control. When the defense team has successfully controlled the ball, the game situation will change. The team survived (defense) will change into a team attacker (offense), and vice versa, the team that originally attacked the will to change into the last team (defense).


The game will continue with the steps as above, until the ball touches one of the team area in accordance with the rules of volleyball games that have been determined. Or until there is a violation committed by a player from one of the teams that competed.
Violation Forms

* The third blow on the ball should be able to lead and over the net into the opponent's area. If after being beaten three times but the ball still has not moved into the area of ​​the opponent, then this is considered as a violation.

* Each player is only allowed to touch the ball as much as one-time, before it passed to another player. If a player touches the ball more than once before the ball is passed to another player (deliberately or not), then this is considered as a violation. Touching the ball when performing block is not counted as a blow, then the player who touched the ball when performing block is still allowed to directly touch or hit the ball that came out of his block.

* Violation of the others is the use of more than 8 seconds while performing a service.

* If the player holding, lifting, or carrying the ball (touching the ball for a long time, not hit him), then this is considered as a violation.

* Spike is done by players on the back row, while the ball is directly above the net will be declared as a violation. This can be done if the player jumps from behind the attack line (line 3 meters), in this case the player is allowed to land in front of the line of attack.

* Hitting the ball is still there in the area of ​​the opponent is expressed as an error.

* Touching the net with any part of the body (except hair), when the game is in progress will be declared as a violation.

* Violation of the other is when the ball landed (fall) in the outer area of ​​the same team, that team who last touched the ball.

* If in a team no one to receive, hold, or control the ball which is passed from the opposite side, then it is expressed as a violation. The incident of this kind, usually occurs as a result of a misunderstanding between the players are equally near the ball crash site.

* Violation is sometimes also carried out by a volleyball player is to block or spike the ball over the net that has not completely, when the opposing team servicing.
* Other actions that are considered as a mistake is when a player on the back row to join the block with the players on the front row.

* If the next player from the server team jump, block movement, or standing adjacent to each other when one player from his team conducted a service in order to obstruct views of the opposing team, then it is also expressed as a violation. The team will get a warning from the referee.

* Violation is another leg position players who are in the field, or stepping on the field behind the line while performing a service (before the ball over the net).

* A libero can only play in the back row. If he does block or spike the ball right at the top of the net, then it will be declared as a violation.
* Error position players during the service will be declared as a violation. However, after the service is done then the players can adjust their positions based on rules set.
* The existence of a physical brawl between players and one team with players from the opposing team will be declared as a violation.


Rating

* One team will gain value automatically if the ball falls in the line area of ​​the opponent or when the opposing team made a mistake. In this regulation not previously meperhitungkan Which team do the service. After that, the ball will move into the hands of opponents, and fight with the next team will do the next service.

* If the service previously performed by the team that obtained a value, then the next service will still be performed by the same player, who had previously done service.

* Position players must spin clockwise direction if the services previously performed by a team that earn points. Thus, the service will be done by players who previously occupied the area 1.

* The game in each set will end when one team earn points 25. Additional 2 points will be given when both teams get the same points on the points 24.

* Normally, the match will take place in 5 sets. In the first set to set to-4 will be played to 25 points. While on the set of the 5th, the game will only be played to 15 points. Additional 2 points will be awarded if both teams get the same point, namely at points 14.

* Sometimes, the assessment system in every tournament or game is different. At the high school level and professional games usually only take place up to 3 sets, with total points to 30 points.


Regulation of the use of 25 points just entered into force in 1999. Previously, the game is only held to 15 points in each set. In addition, teams earn points that were previously only team to do service. When the server team makes a mistake, then the opposing team will not gain extra points. These errors will only cause it to move the ball (opposing team who will do the next service.) And when it attacks one of the teams is declared "go", the team still will not get extra if the services previously performed by the team as well. The attack, which declared "go" it will only result in moving the ball only. The team is just an opportunity to do further service. Changes in regulations made by the FIVB in 1999, and began officially established in 2000.
Libero

Libero is a member of a volleyball team who have been trained and formed specifically to be a player who has high defense capability. One player who is tasked with maintaining and improving the team's defense when receiving a service as well as get a spike attack from his opponent's team. Libero was first introduced internationally in 1998, who then introduced again by the NCAA in 2002. NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association) is an athlete volunteer organization governed by several colleges and national universities. NCAA head office is located in Indianapolis, Indiana. The word "libero" itself actually comes from the Italian meaning "free."


Libero, a player who has specialized to improve this team's defense, are not allowed to make block or attack when the ball is directly above the net. Nevertheless, the libero can replace the function setter function within certain limits. When a libero want to perform overhand (provide feedback to spike the attacker), the libero position should be behind the 3-meter line, the position of libero is not allowed to step foot 3-meter line. As for the underpass (passing below), the libero can do so in all areas of the field.


A libero is a person who should have the physical stamina is quite excellent, and of course must have the ability to survive as well. Because, libero who will resist more attacks fast and hard and sharp from the opponent. A libero also must always maintain vigilance against the attacks a hoax that may be incurred by the opposing team. The quality of a libero has an enormous influence on a team. The more stable the quality of a libero, the more stronger it's defense a volleyball team. And the stronger the defense of a team, the team also will be able to increase the quantity and quality of attacks.
Recent Rule Changes

Volleyball game that continues to increase and develop from time to time also has undergone many changes, mainly in the form of the game rules. Some of the changes in regulation volleyball game also occurred in 2000. One of the changes that occurred in 2000 it was the rule in doing service. Services at the volleyball game that was originally only be done from outside the field behind the right, when it was removed. In 2000, service on a volleyball game can be done from the right, left, and center, outside the rear field. Changes in the form of expansion of the service area is of course has an effect quite different for volleyball players. Because, they will more easily adjust the position according to their comfort when going to perform service. And this change, of course, also very big impact once for the left-handed volleyball players.


To reduce the percentage of violations in terms of carrying and double-hit (double blow), then in 2000 the reform legislation has also been done about it.


Other regulatory changes are still going back in February of 2008. At that time, the NCAA has made changes to the regulatory assessment at the college level. NCAA rules already merubahan value originally 30 points to 25 points. As for the match on the set of the 5th did not change, the game will still be held to 15 points.